Digestive System Vocabulary Review
C) TONGUE.Organ that senses taste of food and helps push it to the back of the mouth.
A) STOMACH. Saclike, muscular organ that secretes acids and churns food into a pulp.
P) LARGE INTESTINE.large tubular organ that absorb water, salts, and store waste matter.
I) SALIVARY GLANDS.Gland that produce and secrete saliva which contain digestive enzymes.
L) SMALL INTESTINE. Long tubular organ where most of Chemical digestion & absorption take place.
E) MOUTH . Entrance of the digestive system where mechanical and chemical digestion begins.
G) ESOPHAGUS . muscular tube that connects and carries food from the moth to the stomach.
N) TEETH . bony structures that grind and Crush food mechanically into smaller bits.
K) PERISTALSIS. rhythmic muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.
F) SECRETION. production and release of useful substances (enzymes, hormones, etc) by a gland.
M) ABSORTION . movement of nutrient molecules through the wall of digestive system into the blood.
H) EXCRETION . process of eliminating waste products of metabolism (urine, co2, etc).
O) INGESTION . process of Eating i.e. taking food into the body through the mouth.
B) EMULSIFICATION . process by which fat globules re broken into smaller droplets by bile salt.
J) DIGESTION . process by which body breaks down food into small nutrients that can be absorbed.
D) EGESTION . process of elimination of indigestible food remains from digestive system.

Endocrine System Vocabulary
Definitions
A. controls other body systems by releasing certain chemicals --- Endocrine system
B. chemicals that are produced by endocrine glands --- hormones
C. a group of cells that makes special chemicals for your body; they make hormones --- gland
D. controls how fast the body uses its energy --- thyroid
E. helps us respond to danger; fight or flight;makes epinephrine (adrenalin) --- Adrenal gland
F. male reproductive hormone --- testes
G. female reproductive hormone --- ovaries
H. makes insulin to help cells take in glucose; controls blood sugar levels --- pancreas
I. controls levels of vitamins and minerals in the body; controls calcium levels in blood --- parathyroid
J. helps fight disease and bacteria --- Thymus
K. the gland that helps control all the other glands --- Pituitary
L. turn endocrine glands ON and OFF; sends hormones where needed --- Feedback system

Lymphatic System Structures Vocabulary
Lymph fluid
A. Also known as lymph; plasma; is intracellular fluid as it returns to the venous circulatory system; lymph picks up waste products from the cells
Lymph Capillaries
B. Carries lymph fluids from the tissue to the
larger lymph vessels
Lacteals
C. Are specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine. Their fat and fat soluble vitamins are carried into the bloodstream
Lymph nodes
D. Bean shaped structures; located in lymph vessels. They filter lymph to remove harmful substances.
Tonsils
E. Masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat.
Vermiform appendix
F. Lymphatic tissue that form the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine.
Peyer's patches
G. Are small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum of the small intestine.
Spleen
H. Mass of lymphatic tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen,forms lymphocytes and monocytes.removes worn out red out blood cells.
Thymus
I. Composed largely of lymphatic tissue it plays an important role in the endocrine and immune system

Lymphatic System Definitions
Lymph
A.Fluid of lymphatic system
Lymphatic system
B. Moves in one direction-toward subclavian veins: move only thru pressure
Right lymphatic ducts
C. Drains lymph from the right arm and right side of head and right thorax to right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
D. Drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein
cisterna chyli
E. Lymphatic sac at the beginning of the thoracic duct between the abdominal aorta and L2
Bone marrow
F. pluriptent stem cells-precursor blood cells
B cells
G. Mature in bone marrow
T cells
H. Mature in the thymus
Spleen
I. Largest lymphatic organ
Lymph nodes
J. only place where lymph is filtered:cer, axillary & inguinal nodes are routinely checked by physicians
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
K. collection of nodules in mucosa or submucosa of digestive tract
Tonsils
L. Around throat
peyer's patches
M. Small intestine
Vermiform appendix
N. Inferior to the cecum
Immunity
O. Defense reaction to microorganisms
Natural immunity
P. Nonspecific response to invading pathogens
Inflammation
Q.. Protective mechanism that stabilizes & prepares damaged tissue: local heat, swelling, redness, pain & decreased function
Acquired immunity
R. Diverse but specific response to pathogens
AIDS
S. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:caused by HIV..Adjust to clients stamina
Allergies
T. Overreaction of the immune system to harmless agents:avoid possible allergens
Chronic fatigue syndrome
U. Disabling fatigue: shorter duration of massage if client is fatigued
Hodgkin's Disease
V.. Cancer of the lymph nodes: physicians clearance
Lupus Erythematosus
W. autoimmune disease of connective tissues: massage contraindicated suring flare-ups

READING...New Medical Resources UVM
I select this reading because I sounded  interesting this subject, also  because I found it in the uvm portal.
Benefits of VegetarianismResearch has shown a number of health benefits related to vegetarian eating. Heart disease, high blood pressure, adult-onset diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, and certain cancers occur less often in people who are vegetarian. Science has demonstrated that these health benefits are related to healthful food choices. Eating whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds provides the body with the ammunition needed to fight disease and illness. A diet high in meat, saturated fat, milk, cheese, and butter does not provide the same health benefits.
Nutritional Adequacy
Sources of protein in the vegetarian diet include cooked dried beans, nuts, seeds, and soy products.For the vegetarian, foods such as fortified cereals and soymilk can provide the vitamin B12 needed by the body. Dairy products are also an excellent source of calcium, along with calcium-fortified soymilk, tofu processed with calcium, broccoli, nuts, collard greens, and calcium-fortified orange juice. High-calcium foods are important for strong bones and should be consumed early in life to build the body's calcium stores.
A carefully planned vegetarian diet can provide the nutrients needed for health at any time during the life cycle. Most individuals who choose this eating style do so because of the many health benefits associated with vegetarian eating, including reduced risk for heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.

Malnutrition and health in developing countries

Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem throughout the developing world, particularly in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.The high prevalence of bacterial and parasitic diseases in developing countries contributes greatly to malnutrition there.
Protein–energy malnutrition
In children, protein–energy malnutrition is defined by measurements that fall below 2 standard deviations under the normal weight for age (underweight), height for age(stunting) and weight for heigt (wasting).6 Wasting indicates recent weight loss, whereas stunting usually results from chronic weight loss..Protein– energy malnutrition usually manifests early, in children between 6 months and 2 years of age and is associated with early weaning, delayed introduction of complementary foods, a low-protein diet and severe or frequent infections. One essential aspect of severe protein–energy malnutrition is the fatty degeneration of such diverse organs as the liver and heart. This degeneration is not just a sign of severe malnutrition; it causes subclinical or overt cardiac insufficiency, especially when malnutrition is accompanied by edema. Most children with severe protein–energy malnutrition have asymptomatic infections because their immune system fails to respond with chemotaxis, opsonization and phagocytosis of bacteria , viruses or fungi. After insufficient supply of protein, carbohydrates and fat, the next major cause of protein–energy malnutrition is severe and chronic infections — particularly those producing diarrhea, but also other diseases such as helminthic infections. The pathologic changes include immunologic deficiency in the humoral and cellular subsystem from protein deficiency and lack of immune mediators. In sub-Saharan Africa and, increasingly, India, an additional concern is that many patients with severe malnutrition are also infected with HIV.55 The high mortality indicates a need for a systematic approach to the severely malnourished patient that goes beyond an appropriate diet. To reduce mortality, a complex management scheme is pivotal. In poor communities, the treatment of helminth infections 3 times per year improved child growth and development.15 Protein–energy malnutrition and diarrhea typically interact in a vicious cycle, but the control of diarrhea depends on more than medical help.
Micronutrient deficiencies
Micronutrient deficiencies affect at least 2 billion people worldwide. Iron is an essential part of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various enzymes. Its deficiency thus leads mainly to anemia,
but also to several other adverse effects.Lack of iodine reduces the production of thyroid hormone
and increases that of thyroid-stimulating hormone. As a result, the thyroid gland becomes hyperplastic and
goitrous, and hypothyroidism develops.3,7.Vitamin A deficiency contributes to anemia by immobilizing
iron in the reticuloendothelial system, reducinghemopoiesis and increasing susceptibility to infections. Vitamin A is essential for the functioning of the eyes as well as the immune system. Zinc is essential for the functioning of many enzymes and is thus involved in a large number of metabolic processes, including RNA and DNA synthesis. Foods with a high content of absorbable micronutrients are considered the best means for preventing micronutrient deficiencies.
Diet-based strategies are probably the most promising approach for a sustainable control of micronutrient deficiencies. Because malnutrition has many causes, only multiple and synergistic interventions embedded in true multisectoral programs can be effective. Nutrition education about locally available protein- and micronutrient-rich plants is particularly effective and sustainable.




VIDEO NUTRITION AND SPORT

This video is about the requeriments that the atletes need depending the training do, and explain that  don't have a plan in general for all atletes, this is individual. this video  mentioned that the glycogen forms an energy reserve that  can be quickly utilized to meet a sudden need. Also that eating before an athletic event will depend on what type of athletic event you're doing. And explain what is the omega three fatty acids, and what are the cons to eating extra protein as kidney stones, can be stored as fat, may actually hinder muscle growth, and that the Detoxification and cleanse programs can be really advantageous. If people go on a program like that and can combine it with a fast, they have to be cautious;in concrete, this video mentions diferents dudes that the people have with the sport and the nutricion.

Cell structures and functions

In the nucleus can find structures as the chromosomes that usually in the form of chromatin, and composed of DNA; The nuclear membrane composed of two layers and numerous openings for nuclear traffic; the nucleolus have spherical shape and contains RNA for protein manufacture.
The cytoplasm contains with many structures as centrioles composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules, and involved in cellular division;the chloroplasts found in plant cells,and contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place; the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules that support cell and provides shape; the endoplasmic reticulum is a tubular network fused to nuclear membrane, and have two types the smooth type, lacks ribosomes and the rough type,ribosomes embedded in surface;the golgi apparatus composed of numerous layers forming a sac; the lysosome is digestive plant for proteins, lipids and carbohydrates and transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal; mitochondria is the second largest organelle and controls level of water and other materials in cell;the ribosomes are miniature protein factories, and composes 25% of cell's mass; and  finally the vacuoles contains water solution, and contractile vacuoles for water removal(in the unicellular organisms).

 

READING ONE...Appendicitis

A. What criteria did you consider to select the reading?Because I don't know this disease ,  and I'm curious because I heard about this

B. What's it title?Appendicitis

C. What kind of publication is it?
it's informative about diseases

D.Important ideas of the reading. *Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix
*The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine and located in the lower right area of the abdomen.
*Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis.
*An inflamed appendix will likely burst if not removed. Bursting spreads infection throughout the abdomen—a potentially dangerous condition called peritonitis
*Symptoms of appendicitis may include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, inability to pass gas, low-grade fever, and abdominal swelling.
*A doctor can diagnose most cases of appendicitis by taking a person’s medical history and performing a physical examination. Sometimes laboratory and imaging tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis.

E. What did you figure out from the article? That the Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix and is typically treated by removing the appendix.

F. Write a conclusion The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine and located in the lower right area of the abdomen.And the Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix that  is a medical emergency that requires immediate care, because An inflamed appendix will likely burst if not removed.

G. list of the vocabulary -appendiceal lumen
-appendicitis
-Mucus
-appendix
-burst
-abdomen
-peritonitis
-remove
-health history
-pain
-appendectomy
-laparotomysion
-Laparoscopic surgery
-abscess
-appendiceal abscess
-drainage tube

H. grammar structures

1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix.
2). Modal Verbs.
 a doctor may suggest surgery right away to remove the appendix
 3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
, a doctor may suggest surgery right away to remove the appendix before it bursts
4). Relative pronouns..
The doctor will want to know when the pain
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
Blood tests are used to check for signs of infection
6). Connectors.
the appendiceal lumen and empties into the large intestine.

READING TWO... Growth Disorders

A. What criteria did you consider to select the reading?because I think this reading is interesting

B. What's it title?Growth Disorders

C. What kind of publication is it?Is of information disease

D.Important ideas of the reading.*A growth disorder, means that a kid has abnormal growth
*One of the body changes that happens during puberty is a big increase in your rate of growth — a growth spurt
*One of the chemical messengers the pituitary gland sends out to your body is called growth hormone
*When the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone — and sometimes other pituitary hormones as well — the condition is called hypopituitarism.
*Your thyroid makes a hormone called thyroxine. If it makes too little, the condition is called hypothyroidism

E. What did you figure out from the article? it is very interesting to know the different causes of growth disorder in children

F. Write a conclusion Everyone grows and matures differently.A growth disorder, means that a kid has abnormal growth, Although hormones play a major role in growth, there are lots of reasons why kids might not grow normally, for example ;Chronic diseases, Complications during pregnancy, Failure to thrive and Genetic conditions.But however Many of these growth disorders can be successfully treated today.

G. list of the vocabulary
-Genetic conditions
-grow
-short
-pituitary hormones
-hypopituitarism
-glands
-thyroid
-hormone
-thyroxine
-hypothyroidism
-pituitary gland
-growth hormone

H. grammar structures

1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
And that's a happy ending to any fairy tale
2). Modal Verbs.
Usually, kids with precocious puberty can be treated with medications

3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
It's found at the bottom of your brain and is shaped like a peanut
4). Relative pronouns.
When the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone 
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
You may also have inherited the tendency to have your growth
6). Connectors.
with very long legs and arms.
7). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
These measurements have been put together

VIDEO == Cell-s organelles
 vocabulary list
-cells
-organelles
-organs
-mitochondria
-energy
-nucleus
-genetic
-ribosomes
-endoplasmatic reticulm
- vacuole

*Comment: the cell is the basic and smallets nit of a living thing.The cells need mitochondria to se their food to get energy.The nucleus controls everything and contains all genetic information of a cell.The endoplasmic reticulum is basically the high way of a cell. the vauole is basically the storage are of a cell.

Lymphatic System and reading

Lymphatic System (vocabulary)
·Lymph fluid
also known as lymph; plasma;is intercellular fluid as it returns to the venous cirulatory system; lymph picks up waste prodicts from the cells
·Lymph Capillaries
carries lymph fluids from the tissue to the larger lymph vessels
·Lacteals
are specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine. There fat and fat soluable vitamins are carried into the bloodstream
·Lymph nodes
bean shaped structures; located in lymph vessels. they filter lymph to remove harmful substances.
·Tonsils
mases of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat.
·Vermiform appendix
lymphatic tissue that from the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine.
·Peyer's patches
are small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum of the small intestine.
·Spleen
mass of lymphatic tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen,forms lymphocytes and monocytes.removes worn out red out blood cells.
·Thymus
composed largely of lymphatic tissue it plays an important role in the endocrine and immune system
*lymph
fluid of lymphatic system
*lymphatic system
moves in one direction-toward subclavian veins: move only thru pressure
*right lymphatic ducts
drains lymph from right arm and right side of head and right thorax to right subclavian vein
*thoracic duct
drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein
*cisterna chyli
lymphatic sac at the beginning of the thoracic duct between the abdominal aorta and L2
*bone marrow
pluriptent stem cells-precursor blood cells
*B cells
mature in bone marrow
*T cells
mature in thymus
*spleen
largest lymphatic organ
*lymph nodes
only place where lymph is filtered:cer, axillary & inguinal nodes are routinely checked by phsicians
*mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
collection of nodules in mucosa or submucosa of digestive tract
*tonsils
around throat
*peyer's patches
small intestine
*vermiform appendix
inferior to the cecum
*immunity
defense reaction to microorganisms
*natural immunity
nonspecific response to invading pathogens
*fever
elevated body temperature to kill pathogens
*inflammation
protective mechanism that stabilizes & prepares damaged tissue: local heat, swelling, redness, pain & decreased function
*acquired immunity
diverse but specific response to pathogens
*AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:caused by HIV..adjust to clients stamina
*allergies
overreactionof the immune system to harmless agents:avoid possible allergens
*chronic fatigue syndrome
disabling fatigue: shorter duration of massage if client is fatigued
*Hodgkin's Disease
cancer of the lymph nodes: physicians clearance
*Lupus Erythematosus
autoimmune disease of connective tissues:massage contraindicated suring flare-ups

Video Vocabulary
lymphatic system
cells
blood cells
lymph nodes
bacteria
oxygen
nutrient
capillarys
fluids
lymphatics vessels
nodes
tissue fluids

Reading...
Hiperparatiroidismo Primario

A. What criteria did you consider to select the reading?
Because I don't know about this disease, and sounds interesting.
Name follower: Liliana  Vicente

B. What's it title?
Hiperparatiroidismo Primario

C. What kind of publication is it?
Of medical information

D.Important ideas
*the hiperparatiroidismo is the excessive production of para-thyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands.
*The parathyroid glands are located in the neck, near or attached to the back of the thyroid gland.
*para-thyroid hormone that controls levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in the blood and bone.
*When calcium levels are too low, the body responds by increasing the production of para-thyroid hormone.
*There are two types of hyper-parathyroidism:Primary hyper-parathyroidism is caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands
*If an individual shows mild hypercalcemia due to primary hyper-parathyroidism and no symptoms, you may just need regular checkups by a physician.If symptoms are present or the calcium level is too high, it may require surgery to remove the gland that is overproducing the hormone.

E. What did you figure out from the article?
that when calcium levels are too low, the body responds by increasing the production of para-thyroid hormone. This increase in parathyroid hormone causes more calcium is taken from the bone and the intestines and kidneys to absorb more calcium. And when the calcium level returns to normal, decreases the production of para-thyroid hormone.

F. Write a conclusion
the Primary hyper-parathyroidism is caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands. This leads to this excessive para-thyroid hormone, which increases calcium levels in the blood.

G. vocabulary
para-thyroid hormone
parathyroid glands
calcium
phosphorus
vitamin D
kidneys
primary hyper-parathyroidism
Secondary hyper-parathyroidism
thyroid hormone
joint discomfort
Long bone fractures
Height reduction
Decreased appetite
Nausea
Muscle weakness
Bone density

H.
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
The correction of calcium levels and the underlying problem leading to parathyroid levels to normal range2). Modal Verbs.
 you may just need regular checkups by a physician.3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
or PTH for although the calcium level has returned to its normal range,4). Relative pronouns..
or PTH for although the calcium level has returned to its normal range,5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
in the neck, near or attached to the back of the thyroid gland6). Connectors.
Bone x-ray shows bone reabsorption or fractures7). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
the calcium level has returned

Cretinism - Symptom, Causes, Treatment of Cretinism

Cretinism

Cretinism is a situation induced by a insufficiency of thyroid hormone at birth and during minority, as a ensue of abnormal evolution of the thyroid gland about 1 in 4000 babies is impacted. Actual cretinism is a constitute of hypothyroidism, where need of thyroid gland activity, often expected to an iodine imperfection, stunts growth. Cretinism reasons very life-threatening retardation of physical and mental progress; if the situation is left untreated, progress is stunted and the physical stature progress is that of a dwarf. In addition, the skin is thick, flabby, and waxy in color, the nose is planated, the abdomen protrudes, and there is a common deliberate of movement and speech.
Cretinism (also known as congenital hypothyroidism) may not evident at birth because thyroid hormone frornt mother's blood can profit the baby before and various months after birth. The three diagnostic features of neurological endemic cretinism in its fully germinate form are highly intense mental insufficiency unitedly with squint, deaf mutism and motor spasticity with disorders of the arms and legs of a characteristic nature. Most newborn babies are consistently screened for thyroid insufficiency, which can be observed by a blood test even if there are symptoms. If the situation is not noticed at birth, symptoms will have noticed within 6 months.

Symptoms of Cretinism

Symptoms include execute growth, twined facial features, increased tongue and mental detainment. The typical:

• floppy infant
• thick, protruding tongue
• poor feeding
• choking episodes
• constipation
• prolonged jaundice
• short stature

Frequent Signs and tests:

• sutures - separated widely and a big posterior fontanelle
• extensive fontanelle and posterior fontanelle (soft spots)
• dull-appearing facial features
• dry, brittle hair and low hairline
• short, thick neck
• growth failure
• short extremities
• broad hands with short fingers
• myxedema
• hypotonia
• hoarse-sounding cry or voice

Types of Cretinism

Myxedematous Cretinism has a less ascetic degree of mental detainment than the neurological cretin. It has all the countenance of dreadfully stern hypothyroidism exhibit since premature life, as in non realised sporadic congenital hypothyroidism, life-threatening growth retardation, unfinished maturation of the features including the naso-orbital configuration, atrophy of the mandibles, intumescent features, myxedematous, thickened and dry skin, dry and infrequent hair, eyelashes and eyebrows and much delayed sexual maturation. Other signs may include inspissate skin and a protruding abdomen.

Endemic cretinism develops from a diet inadequate in iodine and has involved for more people worldwide and proceed to be a major public health difficulty in a lots of countries. Iodine is an necessary trace element, necessary mainly for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Although it is establish in many foods it is not worldwide present in all soils in adequate amounts. The soils of many another inland areas on all continents are iodine inferior, and plants and animals grown there are correspondingly deficient. Populations realistic in those areas without outside food sources are most at chance for iodine inadequacy diseases.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cretinism

Advance diagnosis, and life long cure with thyroid hormone by mouth, afford the child a better adventure of evolving usually. Newborns analysed and treated in the first month to month and a half typically produce general intelligence. Nonattendance of thyroid hormone during beginning life afford a poor outlook in terms of mental progress. Replacement therapy with thyroxine is the common approach to treatment of hypothyroidism. Once medication begins, the blood levels of T3 and T4 are monitored to observed the values within a usual range.

Endocrine System

Endocrine system vocabulary

*Endocrine system: controls other body systems by releasing certain chemicals
*hormones :chemicals that are produced by endocrine glands
*gland :a group of cells that makes special chemicals for your body; they make hormones
*thyroid:controls how fast the body uses its energy
*Adrenal gland: helps us respond to danger; fight or flight;makes epinephrine (adrenalin)
*testes :male reproductive hormone
*ovaries: female reproductive hormone
*pancreas: makes insulin to help cells take in glucose; controls blood sugar levels
*parathyroid: controls levels of vitamins and minerals in the body; controls calcium levels in blood
*thymus :helps fight disease and bacteria
*pituitary :the gland that helps control all the other glands
*Feedback system: turn endocrine glands ON and OFF; sends hormones where needed

Hormones vocabulary

glands
chemicals
blood
insulin
energy
regulation body
pancreas
cells
chemical messages

Reading Endocrine System

-The adrenal gland has two parts. The cortex, takes its instructions from the pituitary hormone ACTH. The hormones secreted here are called "steroids" and have three main types: those which control the balance of sodium and potassium in the body; those which raise the level of sugar in the blood; and sex hormones. The inner, makes two types of hormones and takes all its instructions from the nervous system, producing chemicals which react to fear and anger and are sometimes called "fight or flight" hormones.
-The ovaries in addition to producing eggs or "ova," the ovaries produce female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone.
-The pancreas secretes digestive juices which break down fats, carbohydrates, proteins and acids; it also secretes bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid as it enters the duodenum. Some cells in the pancreas secrete hormones which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
-The pituitary gland is an important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system and releases many hormones which affect growth, sexual development, metabolism and the system of reproduction.
-The testicle lies inside the scrotum and produces as many as 12 trillion sperm in a male's lifetime, each sperm takes about seventy-two days to mature and its maturity is overseen by a complex interaction of hormones.
-The thymus function is to transform lymphocytes into T-cells. These cells are then transported to various lymph glands, where they play an important part in fighting infections and disease.
-The thyroid gland controls the rate at which the body produces energy from nutrients.The parathyroid glands control the level of calcium in the blood.

Gastritis

What is gastritis?

Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion, and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden, severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.

What causes gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes most cases of chronic nonerosive gastritis. H. pylori are bacteria that infect the stomach lining. H. pylori are primarily transmitted from person to person. In areas with poor sanitation, H. pylori may be transmitted through contaminated food or water.
In industrialized countries like the United States, 20 to 50 percent of the population may be infected with H. pylori. Rates of H. pylori infection are higher in areas with poor sanitation and higher population density. Infection rates may be higher than 80 percent in some developing countries.¹
The most common cause of erosive gastritis—acute and chronic—is prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Other agents that can cause erosive gastritis include alcohol, cocaine, and radiation.
Traumatic injuries, critical illness, severe burns, and major surgery can also cause acute erosive gastritis. This type of gastritis is called stress gastritis.
Less common causes of erosive and nonerosive gastritis include

• autoimmune disorders in which the immune system attacks healthy cells in the stomach lining
• some digestive diseases and disorders, such as Crohn’s disease and pernicious anemia
• viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria other than H. pylori

What are the symptoms of gastritis?

Many people with gastritis do not have any symptoms, but some people experience symptoms such as

• upper abdominal discomfort or pain
• nausea
• vomiting

These symptoms are also called dyspepsia.
Erosive gastritis may cause ulcers or erosions in the stomach lining that can bleed. Signs of bleeding in the stomach include

• blood in vomit
• black, tarry stools
• red blood in the stool

What are the complications of gastritis?

Most forms of chronic nonspecific gastritis do not cause symptoms. However, chronic gastritis is a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease, gastric polyps, and benign and malignant gastric tumors. Some people with chronic H. pylori gastritis or autoimmune gastritis develop atrophic gastritis. Atrophic gastritis destroys the cells in the stomach lining that produce digestive acids and enzymes. Atrophic gastritis can lead to two types of cancer: gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

How is gastritis diagnosed?

The most common diagnostic test for gastritis is endoscopy with a biopsy of the stomach. The doctor will usually give the patient medicine to reduce discomfort and anxiety before beginning the endoscopy procedure. The doctor then inserts an endoscope, a thin tube with a tiny camera on the end, through the patient’s mouth or nose and into the stomach. The doctor uses the endoscope to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first portion of the small intestine. If necessary, the doctor will use the endoscope to perform a biopsy, which involves collecting tiny samples of tissue for examination with a microscope.
Other tests used to identify the cause of gastritis or any complications include the following:

• Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series. The patient swallows barium, a liquid contrast material that makes the digestive tract visible in an x ray. X-ray images may show changes in the stomach lining, such as erosions or ulcers.
• Blood test. The doctor may check for anemia, a condition in which the blood’s iron-rich substance, hemoglobin, is diminished. Anemia may be a sign of chronic bleeding in the stomach.
• Stool test. This test checks for the presence of blood in the stool, another sign of bleeding in the stomach.
• Tests for H. pylori infection. The doctor may test a patient’s breath, blood, or stool for signs of infection. H. pylori infection can also be confirmed with biopsies taken from the stomach during endoscopy.

How is gastritis treated?

Medications that reduce the amount of acid in the stomach can relieve symptoms that may accompany gastritis and promote healing of the stomach lining. These medications include

• antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, Maalox, Mylanta,Rolaids, and Rio-pan. Many brands on the market use different combinations of three basic salts—magnesium, calcium, and aluminum—with hydroxide or bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid in the stomach. These drugs may produce side effects such as diarrhea or constipation.
• histamine 2 (H2) blockers, such as famotidine (Pepcid AC) and ranitidine (Zantac 75). H2 blockers decrease acid production. They are available both over the counter and by prescription.
• proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid), lansoprazole (Prevacid), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium), and dexlansoprazole (Kapidex). All of these drugs are available by prescription, and some are also available over the counter. PPIs decrease acid production more effectively than H2 blockers.

Depending on the cause of the gastritis, additional measures or treatments may be needed. For example, if gastritis is caused by prolonged use of NSAIDs, a doctor may advise a person to stop taking NSAIDs, reduce the dose of NSAIDs, or switch to another class of medications for pain. PPIs may be used to prevent stress gastritis in critically ill patients.
Treating H. pylori infections is important, even if a person is not experiencing symptoms from the infection. Untreated H. pylori gastritis may lead to cancer or the development of ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. The most common treatment is a triple therapy that combines a PPI and two antibiotics—usually amoxicillin and clarithromycin—to kill the bacteria. Treatment may also include bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) to help kill bacteria.
After treatment, the doctor may use a breath or stool test to make sure the H. pylori infection is gone. Curing the infection can be expected to cure the gastritis and decrease the risk of other gastrointestinal diseases associated with gastritis, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and MALT lymphoma.

Points to Remember

• Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining is inflamed.
• The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining. However, gastritis is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Most people who have upper abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
• The most common causes of gastritis are H. pylori infections and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• Many people with gastritis have no symptoms. Those who do have symptoms may experience dyspepsia—upper abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea, or vomiting.
• Treating H. pylori infection is important, even if a person is not experiencing symptoms. Left untreated, H. pylori infection may lead to peptic ulcer disease or cancer.

READING...

A.I chose this reading, because is interesting know about this disease that nowadays the  mostly people have.

B.Gastritis

C.Public Information , http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gastritis/

D.*Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed.
*Gastritis may be acute or chronic.
*Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes most cases of chronic nonerosive gastritis.The most common cause of erosive gastritis—acute and chronic—is prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Other agents that can cause erosive gastritis include alcohol, cocaine, and radiation.
*Many people with gastritis do not have any symptoms, but some people experience symptoms such as upper abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea, vomiting
*The most common diagnostic test for gastritis is endoscopy with a biopsy of the stomach. The doctor will usually give the patient medicine to reduce discomfort and anxiety before beginning the endoscopy procedure.
*Medications that reduce the amount of acid in the stomach can relieve symptoms that may accompany gastritis and promote healing of the stomach lining.

E.
This reading shows an overview of what is gastritis, the cause, symptoms that can occur if you suffer,  as diagnose and  as treatment.

F.The Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining is inflamed.The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining. However, gastritis is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Most people who have upper abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.The most common causes of gastritis are H. pylori infections and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

G.vocabulary:
stomach lining
chronic gastritis
bleeding
erosions
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
erosive gastritis
upper abdominal
nausea
vomiting
endoscopy
Stool test
antacids

H.1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining.
2). Modal Verbs.
the doctor may use a breath or stool test to make sure the H. pylori infection is gone.
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
 If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
4). Relative pronouns.
 People who have gastritis may experience pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
biopsies taken from the stomach during endoscopy.
6). Connectors.
the stomach can relieve symptoms that may accompany gastritis and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Digestive system

Digestive system

We need food to fuel our bodies for energy, growth and repair. The digestive system converts the foods we eat into their simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make up fats). The broken-down food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.

The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. It can be thought of as a long muscular tube, over 10m long, with digestive organs attached along the way.

The mouth and oesophagus
Digestion begins in the mouth. The food is ground up by the teeth and moistened with saliva to make it easy to swallow. Saliva also has a special chemical, called an enzyme, which starts breaking down carbohydrates into sugars. Once swallowed, muscular contractions of the oesophagus massage the ball of food down into the stomach.

The stomach
The food passes through a sphincter, or small muscle ring, into the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juices. The stomach is a muscular bag and it churns the food to help break it down mechanically as well as chemically. The food is then squeezed through a second sphincter into the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum.

The small intestine
Once in the duodenum (small intestine), the food is mixed with more digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.

Pancreas
The pancreas is one of the largest glands in the human body. As well as digestive juices, it secretes a hormone called insulin. Insulin helps to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. Diabetes is a condition caused by problems with insulin production.

Liver
The liver has a number of different roles in the body, including:

• Breaking down fats, using bile stored in the gall bladder
• Processing proteins and carbohydrates
• Filtering and processing impurities, drugs and toxins
• Generation of glucose for short-term energy needs from other compounds like lactate and amino acids.

Absorption happens in the small intestine
The food is squeezed into the lower parts of the small intestine, called the jejunum and the ileum. Nutrients are absorbed from the ileum, which is lined with millions of finger-like projections called villi. Each villus is connected to a mesh of capillaries. This is how nutrients pass into the bloodstream.

The large intestine
Once all the nutrients have been absorbed, the waste is moved into the large intestine, or bowel. Water is removed and the waste (faeces) is stored in the rectum. It can then be passed out of the body through the anus.

Bacteria play an important role
A large reservoir of microbes, such as bacteria, live within the large intestine and, to a lesser degree, the rest of the digestive system. These bacteria play an important role in healthy digestion. The exact types of bacteria are particular to each individual. Other factors that influence the type of bacteria in your digestive system include where you live in the world, what health conditions you have and what medications you have received.

Common problems
Some common problems of the digestive system include:

• Colitis – inflammation of the bowel
• Diverticulitis – inflammation of pouches lining the small intestine
• Gastroenteritis – an infection that causes vomiting and diarrhoea
• Heartburn – when the contents of the stomach back up into the oesophagus
• Ulcer – a hole in the mucous membrane lining the stomach or duodenum.

Where to get help

• Your doctor

Things to remember

• Food is broken down by the digestive system to give energy to every cell in the body.
• The digestive tract starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.

READING...
Reading --Digestive system

A.I selected this subject because is interesting know about the digestive system and their structures and functions.B.Digestive system

C.
·Food is broken down by the digestive system to give energy to every cell in the body.
·The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
·Digestion begins in the mouth.The stomach is a muscular bag and it churns the food to help break it down mechanically as well as chemically.Once in the duodenum (small intestine), the food is mixed with more digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.
·Nutrients are absorbed from the ileum, which is lined with millions of finger-like projections called villi.Once all the nutrients have been absorbed, the waste is moved into the large intestine, or bowel. Water is removed and the waste (faeces) is stored in the rectum. It can then be passed out of the body through the anus.

D.The digestive system performs different actions, both physical and mechanisms to obtain energy from food.
E.Food is broken down by the digestive system to give energy to every cell in the body and the digestive tract starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.
F.Vocabulary
digestive system
bloodstream
digestive tract
mouth
anus
teeth
saliva
oesophagus
stomach
sphincter
gastric juices
small intestine
duodenum
pancreas
insulin
liver
carbohydrates
jejunum
ileum
villi
nutrients
bowel
colitis
ulcer
digestive
G.
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
Breaking down fats, using bile stored in the gall bladder
2). Modal Verbs.
It can then be passed out of the body through the anus.
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
As well as digestive juices, it secretes a hormone called insulin.
4). Relative pronouns..
what health conditions you have and what medications you have received.
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
which starts breaking down carbohydrates into sugars.
6). Connectors.
, called the jejunum and the ileum.
7). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
what medications you have received.

Digestive System

Digestive Organs Quiz #1

*Bony structures that grind and crush food mechanically into smaller bits:
Teeth
*Large tubular organ that absorbs water, salts, and stores waste matter:
Large Intestine
*Entrance of the digestive system where mechanical and chemical digestion begings:
Mouth
*Muscular tube that connects and carries food from the mouth to the stomach:
Esophagus
*Saclike, muscular organ that secretes gastric acids and churns food into a pulp:
Stomach
*Long tubular organ where most of chemical digestion & absortion takes place:
Small Intestine
*Organ that senses taste of food and hepls push it to the back of the mouth:
Tongue
*Glands that produce and secrete saliva which contains digestive enzymes:
Salivary Glands

Digestive Processes

*Movement of nutrient molecules through the wall of digestive system into the blood:
Absorption
*Production and release of useful substances (enzymes,hormones etc.) by a gland:
Secretion
*Process of eating i.e. taking food into the body through the mouth:
Ingestion
*Process by which body breaks down food into small nutrients that can be absorbed:
Digestion
*Process by which fat globules are broken into smaller droplets by bile salts:
Emulsification
*Process of eliminating waste products of metabolism (urine, CO2 etc.):
Excretion
*Rhythmic muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract:
Peristalsis
*Process of elimination of indigestible food remains from digestive system:
Egestion

Interesting Facts about Digestive System

*How much saliva does the human mouth produce everyday?1.7 liters!
*How many diffent species of bacteria are present in the human colon?Around 400!
*How long long does the food stay in the human stomach on average?3-4 hours
*How many functions does the liver perform in the human body?Over 500!
*How much hydrochloric acid does a human stomach produce everyday?2 liters!
*What are the nutrients that are absorbed in the esophagus?None
*How long does the food stay in the small intestine in humans?5 hours
*What is the average length of the small intestine in humans?22 feet!

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech Quiz
1 I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
adjective
2 What did she ask you to do?
pronoun
3 I left my shoes under  the kitchen table.
preposition
4 If we finish our work quickly  we can go to the movies.
adverb
5 On Saturdays I work from nine to five.
verb
6 I want to go to a university in the United States.
noun
7 I'm sure I have met  your girlfriend before
verb
8 Well, I don't think I will be here to answer the phone.
interjection
9 Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered.
conjunction
10 After lunch let's go out for a coffee.
preposition

Active or Passive Quiz
1 I ate a piece of chocolate cake. active
2 The librarian read the book to the students. active
3 The money was stolen. passive
4 They are paid on Fridays. passive
5 The movie is being made in Hollywood. passive
6 I washed my car three weeks ago. active
7 His hair was cut by a professional.passive
8 I will introduce you to my boss this week. active
9 It would have been fixed on the weekend. passive
10 The national anthem is being sung by Jason this time.passive

Can, Could, Be able to Quiz
1 Could he understand what you were talking about? 
2 My sister can play tennis now. 
3 I could walk when I was less than a year old.
4 (Polite) Could you tell me what time it is, please?
5 My grandfather was able to walk without any help last night.
6 I would like to be able to play the piano. 
7 How long have you been able to drive?
8 I'll be able to help you later.
9 Can you help me? I can to never understand this. 
10 Will Man be able to live forever one day?

Reading Homework1. What's title?Physical Therapy
Reviewed by: Karen Manternach, MSPT

2. List the most important ideas.*Physical therapists are often able to relieve pain and help kids resume daily activities.
*Doctors may recommend PT for kids with:
•cerebral palsy
•genetic disorders
•orthopedic disabilities
•heart and lung conditions
•muscle diseases
*Physical therapists often use a variety of treatments to help build strength, improve movement, and strengthen skills needed to complete daily activities.
*Physical therapists tend to work in hospitals, private practices, fitness centers, and rehabilitation and research facilities

3.What did you figure out from the article?That the Physical therapy may be needed any time a child has difficulty moving in such a way that it limits daily activities.  During a visit, with a physical therapist  might guide kids through:weightlifting to build strength around an injury;flexibility exercises to increase range of motion;giving instruction on how to avoid injuries; improving circulation around injuries by using heat, cold, exercise, electrical stimulation, massage, and ultrasound.

4.Make a list of key vocabularyPhysical therapists
strength
movement
weightlifting
flexibility
aquatic therapy
exercise
electrical stimulation
massage
ultrasound
rehabilitation
physical therapy
disability
prevent.
developmental delays
cerebral palsy
orthopedic disabilities
birth defects
spina bifida
acute trauma
head injury
limb deficiencies
muscle diseases

5.Write a conclusionThe Physical Therapy is important when the people have problems for do their activities daily. A physical therapist  teach  exercises designed to help the people regain strength and range of motion, and also show them how to prevent a recurring injury.

6. Find at least an example of the structures1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
identify potential and existing problems
2). Modal Verbs. Physical therapists must earn a master's degree or receive a doctoral degree in physical therapy
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
in such a way that it limits daily activities
4). Relative pronouns.Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.Doctors often recommend physical therapy
6). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech 1
speak-- verb 
by-- preposition 
cat-- noun 
oh-- interjection 
and-- conjunction 
quickly-- adverb 
beautiful-- adjective 
they-- pronoun 
the-- article

Parts of Speech 2
verb-- learn 
preposition-- on 
article-- an 
adjective-- difficult 
conjunction-- but 
noun-- class 
interjection-- hi 
adverb-- slowly 
pronoun-- she

Parts of Speech 3
1.badly--adverb
2.education--noun
3.we--pronoun
4.over--preposition
5.Hey!--interjection
6.little--adjective
7.a--article
8.or--conjunction
9.eat--verb

Reading Homework
1. What's title?
Urinary tract infection

2. List the most important ideas.
*Urinary tract infections (UTI) are mostly commonly caused by bacteria and can affect any component of the urinary tract
*Women are more prone to UTI than men
*the most common infections are those of the Urethra and Bladder.
*If the infection affects your Kidneys and is found to be serious, you may require treatment for a longer period of time at a hospital.
*Symptoms of UTI are:
Burning sensation while urinating
Frequent urge to urinate
Leakage of drops of urine
*Tips to prevent UTI
Drink plenty of water or other liquids.
Do not retain or hold back urine.
After sexual intercourse, wash your genital area and urinate to wash away bacteria.

3. What did you figuere out from the article?
About what are urinary tract infections, know their symptoms, as well as taking into account any recommendations to prevent such infection.

4.Make a list of key vocabulary
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
urine
rectum
diaphragms
bacteria
urinary tract infections

5.Write a conclusion
Knowing the signs and symptoms will help you identify if you have been affected with a urinary tract infection and thus know how to prevent or treat the afection

6. find at least an example of the structures
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
Burning sensation while urinating
2). Modal Verbs.
he or she may suggest a urine sample test to ascertain the presence of bacteria in it.
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
When some urine remains in the bladder, bacteria can thrive in it and cause infection.
4). Relative pronouns..
When some urine remains in the bladder, bacteria can thrive in it and cause infection.
 5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
During sexual intercourse, bacteria can be pushed into the Urethra.
6). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
 if you have been affected with a urinary tract infection.

PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECTex.1
1. I've lost my purse. Ican't find it anywhere
2. I don't know wht time it is. My watch has stopped
3. I heven't got my keys. I've left them at home
4. It's his birthday. I've made him a cake
5. It's working fine now. I've fixed it
6. He's decided to get fit. He's started running twice a week
7. I know Paris very well. I've been there many times
8.Let me get my umbrella.It has started to rain
9. We're going to the concert. I've bought the tickets
10. I'm sorry, she's not here. She's gone out

ex.2
1. the film has been watched by Mr Jones
2. English has been spoken by the people
3. comics have been read by him
4. volleyball has been played by us
5. the song has been sung by them
6. photos have been taken by me
7.the hoesework has been done by her
8. the children have been helped by the policemen
9. text messages have been watered by mother

A.Present Perfect (passive voice)ex.I
1. La tetraciclina ha sido reconocida como una causa de la hipertensión intracraneal benigna
2. La diarrea asociada con la administración de clindamicina ha sido estudiada
3. Los pacientes con síntomas vasculares y neurológicos han sido encontrados
1. Este lugar de estos medicamentos en el tratamiento de la sífilis no ha sido establecido
2. Estos medicamentos no han sido reconocidos como una causa de hipertensión

B.Adverbs in sentences of present perfect
ex.II
1. Estudios recientes con oxitocyn purificada y sintéticos han avanzado significativamente la comprensión del papel de esta hormona en la secreción de la función y la leche
2. La inflamación del nervio óptico ha sido ocasionalmente encontrado ...

C.Logic Connectors
ex.III1.Although
tetracycline has been recognized as a cause of benign intracranial hypertension
, only a few cases have been documented in adults
2.Although
treponemicidal substances have been employed for many years as local prophylactic agents
, the use of these compounds is no longer recommended.

ex.IV1. Aunque el mecanismo antidiurética es protectora de la naturaleza, puede dar lugar a serias complicaciones particularmente en desordenes caracterizados por la retención de líquidos y edema.
2. Aunque la mejora en la visión no es de esperar en pacientes con atrofia óptica, la detención del proceso de atrofia puede ser obtenida por tratamiento con penicilina
mejora

Vocabulary
a)muscle fiber-fibra muscular
b)attached-adjunto
c)muscle contraction- contraccion muscular
d)bones-huesos
e)posture-postura
f)heat production-produccion de calor
g)muscle tendons-tendones musculares
h)contractibility-contractibilidad
i)movement-movimiento
j)joint-mixto
k)skeletal muscles-musculos del esqueleto
l)joint stability-conjunto de estabilidad
m)tendons-tendones
n)muscle metabolism-metabolismo muscular

Connectors

1.Connectors
Exercise I1.Although women with syphilis of many years duration are not likely to bear syphilitic children
Differentiation is often impossible.
2.Although treatment with penicillin is of considerable value when given during the last months of pregnancy
It is best given before the fetus becomes grossly infected, i.e., before the last trimester.
3.Although various criteria have been set up to distinguish between relapse and reinfectiion
Treatment of such patients during pregnancy is recommended.
Exercise II
1.Un procedimiento similar fue desarrollado en China, pero aparentemente este no es usado hoy en dia
2.Suramin es una de las más importantes drogas usadas en el mal del sueño, pero este es amenudo ineficaz en sus etapas finales
3.apesar de las altas dosis usadas en los grupos B y C, los pacientes no experimentados efectos adversos durante la terapia inicial
4.La paciente  fue transferida  a un centro médico regional donde a pesar de cuidados intensivos de apoyo y la terapia intravenosa con choranphenicol, ella desarrollo sepsis y muerte
5.Los diuréticos son usados para tratar ciertos desórdenes pulmonares en los cuales se acumula líquido en el tejido pulmonar. Sin embargo  hay que recordar que el proceso de enfermedad subyacente en estos trastornos no se ve afectada por el tratamiento diurético.
Exercise III
"Este mecanismo protege el tripanosoma no sólo contra las drogas, sino también contra otras moléculas grandes de mecanismo de protección del host."
Exercise IV
1.Renal excretion of salicylate is highly dependent on pH but the evidence available suggests that diuresis alone has relatively little effect.
2.Assessing the value of treatment in acutely poisoned patients is never simple. Our different groups were reasonably well matched but the controls were only mildly intoxicated;hence comparisons with moderate to severely poisoned patients may not be valid.
3.although the correlation between urine flow rate and renal salicylate clearance was statistically significant, the magnitude of the effect was small compared with that produced by changes in pH. This is because the salicylate clearance varies in direct proportion to urine flow rate, whereas the relation with pH is logarithmic.
4.Forced alkaline diuresis appears effective as judged by the initial decrease in plasma salicylate concentrations but the recovery of salicylate from urine is disappointing and less than expected also the procedure is not without risk.
5.The primary object of forced alkaline diuresis is to intensify the removal of salicylate by renal excretion nevertheless efficacy has usually been assessed by the initial decrease in plasma salicylate half life rather than by the amount actually recovered in the urine. furthermore recovery has often been inflated by the general use of non-specific analytical methods.
Exercise V
1. aunque el curetaje(con biopsia de cuello uterino anterior o concomitante) es el procedimiento de diagnóstico más importantes disponibles, su valor como agente terapéutico no se aprecia plenamente.
2.El plan de tratamiento es preferible a la histerectomía seguida de la irradiación, aunque no cabe duda considerable en cuanto a la eficacia de profundidad de rayos X puede ser, sobre todo con leiomiosarcoma.
3.La quimioterapia es generalmente ineficaz (Malkasian et. Al.), Aunque más recientemente Hoovis ha obtenido una remisión de un año de sarcoma metastásico con ciclofosfamida
4.Sarcoma del útero es menos complicado que caricoma, sin embargo, las estadísticas precisas son difíciles de obtener porque muchas clínicas designan como sarcomas de bajo grado de lo que otros consideran sólo los miomas celular
5.El sarcoma endometrial es menos común pero más maligno que el leiomiosarcoma y el rescate es, probablemente, en la naturaleza del 25%. Sin embargo, hay una dificultad real en la evaluación de las estadísticas publicadas porque algunas clínicas incluyen los casos que otros interpretan como stromatosis benigna, hemangiopercytoma, etc

2. Urinary System Video Vocabulary
Kidneys
urine
renal artery
filter
renal vein
nephron
renal pelvis
ureter
ureters
bladder
sphincter

3. Reading Urinary Systemit/itsIts wall is lined with mucous membranes and contains a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle tissue.
relative pronouns
In males, the urethra, which functions both as a urinary canal and a passageway for cells and secretions from various reproductive organs
connectorsUrine flows down partly by gravity, but mainly by waves of contractions
Adj. ing/ed
Several of the distal convoluted tubules merge into the renal cortex
-Ing
the resulting tube is called the papillary duct

4.Exercises:
 although - even though / despite - in spite of 
1.although the weather was bad, we enjoyed our trip.
2.The children slept well despite the noise
3.in spite of   earning a low salary, Linda gave money to her parents.
4.John rarely sees Paul although they live in the same town.
5.Julie failed the exam in spite  of working very hard.
6.although  it was cold, she didn't put on her coat
7.Tom went to work despite not feeling very well.
8. Anna never learned the language although she lived there for two years
9.in spite  of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.
10.  I couldn't eat although  I was very hungry

even though  -  even if  1.Peter refused the offer even though he needed the money
2.even though Mary has a car, she walks to work
3.James won't sell his car even if you offer him a good price.
4.even though the man was blind, he walked to the station.
5.We go running every day,even if the weather is bad
6.I love my job.  I wouldn't change jobs even if the salary was higher.
7.She gives money to charity even though she is not rich.
8.I wouldn't buy you a scooter even if I had the money.