Digestive System Vocabulary Review
C) TONGUE.Organ that senses taste of food and helps push it to the back of the mouth.
A) STOMACH. Saclike, muscular organ that secretes acids and churns food into a pulp.
P) LARGE INTESTINE.large tubular organ that absorb water, salts, and store waste matter.
I) SALIVARY GLANDS.Gland that produce and secrete saliva which contain digestive enzymes.
L) SMALL INTESTINE. Long tubular organ where most of Chemical digestion & absorption take place.
E) MOUTH . Entrance of the digestive system where mechanical and chemical digestion begins.
G) ESOPHAGUS . muscular tube that connects and carries food from the moth to the stomach.
N) TEETH . bony structures that grind and Crush food mechanically into smaller bits.
K) PERISTALSIS. rhythmic muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.
F) SECRETION. production and release of useful substances (enzymes, hormones, etc) by a gland.
M) ABSORTION . movement of nutrient molecules through the wall of digestive system into the blood.
H) EXCRETION . process of eliminating waste products of metabolism (urine, co2, etc).
O) INGESTION . process of Eating i.e. taking food into the body through the mouth.
B) EMULSIFICATION . process by which fat globules re broken into smaller droplets by bile salt.
J) DIGESTION . process by which body breaks down food into small nutrients that can be absorbed.
D) EGESTION . process of elimination of indigestible food remains from digestive system.
Endocrine System Vocabulary
Definitions
A. controls other body systems by releasing certain chemicals --- Endocrine system
B. chemicals that are produced by endocrine glands --- hormones
C. a group of cells that makes special chemicals for your body; they make hormones --- gland
D. controls how fast the body uses its energy --- thyroid
E. helps us respond to danger; fight or flight;makes epinephrine (adrenalin) --- Adrenal gland
F. male reproductive hormone --- testes
G. female reproductive hormone --- ovaries
H. makes insulin to help cells take in glucose; controls blood sugar levels --- pancreas
I. controls levels of vitamins and minerals in the body; controls calcium levels in blood --- parathyroid
J. helps fight disease and bacteria --- Thymus
K. the gland that helps control all the other glands --- Pituitary
L. turn endocrine glands ON and OFF; sends hormones where needed --- Feedback system
Lymphatic System Structures Vocabulary
Lymph fluid
A. Also known as lymph; plasma; is intracellular fluid as it returns to the venous circulatory system; lymph picks up waste products from the cells
Lymph Capillaries
B. Carries lymph fluids from the tissue to the
larger lymph vessels
Lacteals
C. Are specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine. Their fat and fat soluble vitamins are carried into the bloodstream
Lymph nodes
D. Bean shaped structures; located in lymph vessels. They filter lymph to remove harmful substances.
Tonsils
E. Masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat.
Vermiform appendix
F. Lymphatic tissue that form the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine.
Peyer's patches
G. Are small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum of the small intestine.
Spleen
H. Mass of lymphatic tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen,forms lymphocytes and monocytes.removes worn out red out blood cells.
Thymus
I. Composed largely of lymphatic tissue it plays an important role in the endocrine and immune system
Lymphatic System Definitions
Lymph
A.Fluid of lymphatic system
Lymphatic system
B. Moves in one direction-toward subclavian veins: move only thru pressure
Right lymphatic ducts
C. Drains lymph from the right arm and right side of head and right thorax to right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
D. Drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein
cisterna chyli
E. Lymphatic sac at the beginning of the thoracic duct between the abdominal aorta and L2
Bone marrow
F. pluriptent stem cells-precursor blood cells
B cells
G. Mature in bone marrow
T cells
H. Mature in the thymus
Spleen
I. Largest lymphatic organ
Lymph nodes
J. only place where lymph is filtered:cer, axillary & inguinal nodes are routinely checked by physicians
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
K. collection of nodules in mucosa or submucosa of digestive tract
Tonsils
L. Around throat
peyer's patches
M. Small intestine
Vermiform appendix
N. Inferior to the cecum
Immunity
O. Defense reaction to microorganisms
Natural immunity
P. Nonspecific response to invading pathogens
Inflammation
Q.. Protective mechanism that stabilizes & prepares damaged tissue: local heat, swelling, redness, pain & decreased function
Acquired immunity
R. Diverse but specific response to pathogens
AIDS
S. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:caused by HIV..Adjust to clients stamina
Allergies
T. Overreaction of the immune system to harmless agents:avoid possible allergens
Chronic fatigue syndrome
U. Disabling fatigue: shorter duration of massage if client is fatigued
Hodgkin's Disease
V.. Cancer of the lymph nodes: physicians clearance
Lupus Erythematosus
W. autoimmune disease of connective tissues: massage contraindicated suring flare-ups
READING...New Medical Resources UVM
I select this reading because I sounded interesting this subject, also because I found it in the uvm portal.
Benefits of VegetarianismResearch has shown a number of health benefits related to vegetarian eating. Heart disease, high blood pressure, adult-onset diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, and certain cancers occur less often in people who are vegetarian. Science has demonstrated that these health benefits are related to healthful food choices. Eating whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds provides the body with the ammunition needed to fight disease and illness. A diet high in meat, saturated fat, milk, cheese, and butter does not provide the same health benefits.
Nutritional Adequacy
Sources of protein in the vegetarian diet include cooked dried beans, nuts, seeds, and soy products.For the vegetarian, foods such as fortified cereals and soymilk can provide the vitamin B12 needed by the body. Dairy products are also an excellent source of calcium, along with calcium-fortified soymilk, tofu processed with calcium, broccoli, nuts, collard greens, and calcium-fortified orange juice. High-calcium foods are important for strong bones and should be consumed early in life to build the body's calcium stores.
A carefully planned vegetarian diet can provide the nutrients needed for health at any time during the life cycle. Most individuals who choose this eating style do so because of the many health benefits associated with vegetarian eating, including reduced risk for heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.
Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem throughout the developing world, particularly in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.The high prevalence of bacterial and parasitic diseases in developing countries contributes greatly to malnutrition there.
Protein–energy malnutrition
In children, protein–energy malnutrition is defined by measurements that fall below 2 standard deviations under the normal weight for age (underweight), height for age(stunting) and weight for heigt (wasting).6 Wasting indicates recent weight loss, whereas stunting usually results from chronic weight loss..Protein– energy malnutrition usually manifests early, in children between 6 months and 2 years of age and is associated with early weaning, delayed introduction of complementary foods, a low-protein diet and severe or frequent infections. One essential aspect of severe protein–energy malnutrition is the fatty degeneration of such diverse organs as the liver and heart. This degeneration is not just a sign of severe malnutrition; it causes subclinical or overt cardiac insufficiency, especially when malnutrition is accompanied by edema. Most children with severe protein–energy malnutrition have asymptomatic infections because their immune system fails to respond with chemotaxis, opsonization and phagocytosis of bacteria , viruses or fungi. After insufficient supply of protein, carbohydrates and fat, the next major cause of protein–energy malnutrition is severe and chronic infections — particularly those producing diarrhea, but also other diseases such as helminthic infections. The pathologic changes include immunologic deficiency in the humoral and cellular subsystem from protein deficiency and lack of immune mediators. In sub-Saharan Africa and, increasingly, India, an additional concern is that many patients with severe malnutrition are also infected with HIV.55 The high mortality indicates a need for a systematic approach to the severely malnourished patient that goes beyond an appropriate diet. To reduce mortality, a complex management scheme is pivotal. In poor communities, the treatment of helminth infections 3 times per year improved child growth and development.15 Protein–energy malnutrition and diarrhea typically interact in a vicious cycle, but the control of diarrhea depends on more than medical help.
Micronutrient deficiencies
Micronutrient deficiencies affect at least 2 billion people worldwide. Iron is an essential part of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various enzymes. Its deficiency thus leads mainly to anemia,
but also to several other adverse effects.Lack of iodine reduces the production of thyroid hormone
and increases that of thyroid-stimulating hormone. As a result, the thyroid gland becomes hyperplastic and
goitrous, and hypothyroidism develops.3,7.Vitamin A deficiency contributes to anemia by immobilizing
iron in the reticuloendothelial system, reducinghemopoiesis and increasing susceptibility to infections. Vitamin A is essential for the functioning of the eyes as well as the immune system. Zinc is essential for the functioning of many enzymes and is thus involved in a large number of metabolic processes, including RNA and DNA synthesis. Foods with a high content of absorbable micronutrients are considered the best means for preventing micronutrient deficiencies.
Diet-based strategies are probably the most promising approach for a sustainable control of micronutrient deficiencies. Because malnutrition has many causes, only multiple and synergistic interventions embedded in true multisectoral programs can be effective. Nutrition education about locally available protein- and micronutrient-rich plants is particularly effective and sustainable.
VIDEO NUTRITION AND SPORT
This video is about the requeriments that the atletes need depending the training do, and explain that don't have a plan in general for all atletes, this is individual. this video mentioned that the glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly utilized to meet a sudden need. Also that eating before an athletic event will depend on what type of athletic event you're doing. And explain what is the omega three fatty acids, and what are the cons to eating extra protein as kidney stones, can be stored as fat, may actually hinder muscle growth, and that the Detoxification and cleanse programs can be really advantageous. If people go on a program like that and can combine it with a fast, they have to be cautious;in concrete, this video mentions diferents dudes that the people have with the sport and the nutricion.
In the nucleus can find structures as the chromosomes that usually in the form of chromatin, and composed of DNA; The nuclear membrane composed of two layers and numerous openings for nuclear traffic; the nucleolus have spherical shape and contains RNA for protein manufacture.
The cytoplasm contains with many structures as centrioles composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules, and involved in cellular division;the chloroplasts found in plant cells,and contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place; the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules that support cell and provides shape; the endoplasmic reticulum is a tubular network fused to nuclear membrane, and have two types the smooth type, lacks ribosomes and the rough type,ribosomes embedded in surface;the golgi apparatus composed of numerous layers forming a sac; the lysosome is digestive plant for proteins, lipids and carbohydrates and transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal; mitochondria is the second largest organelle and controls level of water and other materials in cell;the ribosomes are miniature protein factories, and composes 25% of cell's mass; and finally the vacuoles contains water solution, and contractile vacuoles for water removal(in the unicellular organisms).
READING ONE...Appendicitis
A. What criteria did you consider to select the reading?Because I don't know this disease , and I'm curious because I heard about this
B. What's it title?Appendicitis
C. What kind of publication is it?
it's informative about diseases
D.Important ideas of the reading. *Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix
*The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine and located in the lower right area of the abdomen.
*Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis.
*An inflamed appendix will likely burst if not removed. Bursting spreads infection throughout the abdomen—a potentially dangerous condition called peritonitis
*Symptoms of appendicitis may include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, inability to pass gas, low-grade fever, and abdominal swelling.
*A doctor can diagnose most cases of appendicitis by taking a person’s medical history and performing a physical examination. Sometimes laboratory and imaging tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis.
E. What did you figure out from the article? That the Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix and is typically treated by removing the appendix.
F. Write a conclusion The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine and located in the lower right area of the abdomen.And the Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix that is a medical emergency that requires immediate care, because An inflamed appendix will likely burst if not removed.
G. list of the vocabulary -appendiceal lumen
-appendicitis
-Mucus
-appendix
-burst
-abdomen
-peritonitis
-remove
-health history
-pain
-appendectomy
-laparotomysion
-Laparoscopic surgery
-abscess
-appendiceal abscess
-drainage tube
H. grammar structures
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix.
2). Modal Verbs.
a doctor may suggest surgery right away to remove the appendix
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
, a doctor may suggest surgery right away to remove the appendix before it bursts
4). Relative pronouns..
The doctor will want to know when the pain
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
Blood tests are used to check for signs of infection
6). Connectors.
the appendiceal lumen and empties into the large intestine.
READING TWO... Growth Disorders
A. What criteria did you consider to select the reading?because I think this reading is interesting
B. What's it title?Growth Disorders
C. What kind of publication is it?Is of information disease
D.Important ideas of the reading.*A growth disorder, means that a kid has abnormal growth
*One of the body changes that happens during puberty is a big increase in your rate of growth — a growth spurt
*One of the chemical messengers the pituitary gland sends out to your body is called growth hormone
*When the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone — and sometimes other pituitary hormones as well — the condition is called hypopituitarism.
*Your thyroid makes a hormone called thyroxine. If it makes too little, the condition is called hypothyroidism
E. What did you figure out from the article? it is very interesting to know the different causes of growth disorder in children
F. Write a conclusion Everyone grows and matures differently.A growth disorder, means that a kid has abnormal growth, Although hormones play a major role in growth, there are lots of reasons why kids might not grow normally, for example ;Chronic diseases, Complications during pregnancy, Failure to thrive and Genetic conditions.But however Many of these growth disorders can be successfully treated today.
G. list of the vocabulary
-Genetic conditions
-grow
-short
-pituitary hormones
-hypopituitarism
-glands
-thyroid
-hormone
-thyroxine
-hypothyroidism
-pituitary gland
-growth hormone
H. grammar structures
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
And that's a happy ending to any fairy tale
2). Modal Verbs.
Usually, kids with precocious puberty can be treated with medications
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
It's found at the bottom of your brain and is shaped like a peanut
4). Relative pronouns.
When the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
You may also have inherited the tendency to have your growth
6). Connectors.
with very long legs and arms.
7). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
These measurements have been put together
VIDEO == Cell-s organelles
vocabulary list
-cells
-organelles
-organs
-mitochondria
-energy
-nucleus
-genetic
-ribosomes
-endoplasmatic reticulm
- vacuole
*Comment: the cell is the basic and smallets nit of a living thing.The cells need mitochondria to se their food to get energy.The nucleus controls everything and contains all genetic information of a cell.The endoplasmic reticulum is basically the high way of a cell. the vauole is basically the storage are of a cell.
Lymphatic System (vocabulary)
·Lymph fluid
also known as lymph; plasma;is intercellular fluid as it returns to the venous cirulatory system; lymph picks up waste prodicts from the cells
·Lymph Capillaries
carries lymph fluids from the tissue to the larger lymph vessels
·Lacteals
are specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine. There fat and fat soluable vitamins are carried into the bloodstream
·Lymph nodes
bean shaped structures; located in lymph vessels. they filter lymph to remove harmful substances.
·Tonsils
mases of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat.
·Vermiform appendix
lymphatic tissue that from the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine.
·Peyer's patches
are small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum of the small intestine.
·Spleen
mass of lymphatic tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen,forms lymphocytes and monocytes.removes worn out red out blood cells.
·Thymus
composed largely of lymphatic tissue it plays an important role in the endocrine and immune system
*lymph
fluid of lymphatic system
*lymphatic system
moves in one direction-toward subclavian veins: move only thru pressure
*right lymphatic ducts
drains lymph from right arm and right side of head and right thorax to right subclavian vein
*thoracic duct
drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein
*cisterna chyli
lymphatic sac at the beginning of the thoracic duct between the abdominal aorta and L2
*bone marrow
pluriptent stem cells-precursor blood cells
*B cells
mature in bone marrow
*T cells
mature in thymus
*spleen
largest lymphatic organ
*lymph nodes
only place where lymph is filtered:cer, axillary & inguinal nodes are routinely checked by phsicians
*mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
collection of nodules in mucosa or submucosa of digestive tract
*tonsils
around throat
*peyer's patches
small intestine
*vermiform appendix
inferior to the cecum
*immunity
defense reaction to microorganisms
*natural immunity
nonspecific response to invading pathogens
*fever
elevated body temperature to kill pathogens
*inflammation
protective mechanism that stabilizes & prepares damaged tissue: local heat, swelling, redness, pain & decreased function
*acquired immunity
diverse but specific response to pathogens
*AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:caused by HIV..adjust to clients stamina
*allergies
overreactionof the immune system to harmless agents:avoid possible allergens
*chronic fatigue syndrome
disabling fatigue: shorter duration of massage if client is fatigued
*Hodgkin's Disease
cancer of the lymph nodes: physicians clearance
*Lupus Erythematosus
autoimmune disease of connective tissues:massage contraindicated suring flare-ups
Video Vocabulary
lymphatic system
cells
blood cells
lymph nodes
bacteria
oxygen
nutrient
capillarys
fluids
lymphatics vessels
nodes
tissue fluids
Reading...
Hiperparatiroidismo Primario
A. What criteria did you consider to select the reading?
Because I don't know about this disease, and sounds interesting.
Name follower: Liliana Vicente
B. What's it title?
Hiperparatiroidismo Primario
C. What kind of publication is it?
Of medical information
D.Important ideas
*the hiperparatiroidismo is the excessive production of para-thyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands.
*The parathyroid glands are located in the neck, near or attached to the back of the thyroid gland.
*para-thyroid hormone that controls levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in the blood and bone.
*When calcium levels are too low, the body responds by increasing the production of para-thyroid hormone.
*There are two types of hyper-parathyroidism:Primary hyper-parathyroidism is caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands
*If an individual shows mild hypercalcemia due to primary hyper-parathyroidism and no symptoms, you may just need regular checkups by a physician.If symptoms are present or the calcium level is too high, it may require surgery to remove the gland that is overproducing the hormone.
E. What did you figure out from the article?
that when calcium levels are too low, the body responds by increasing the production of para-thyroid hormone. This increase in parathyroid hormone causes more calcium is taken from the bone and the intestines and kidneys to absorb more calcium. And when the calcium level returns to normal, decreases the production of para-thyroid hormone.
F. Write a conclusion
the Primary hyper-parathyroidism is caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands. This leads to this excessive para-thyroid hormone, which increases calcium levels in the blood.
G. vocabulary
para-thyroid hormone
parathyroid glands
calcium
phosphorus
vitamin D
kidneys
primary hyper-parathyroidism
Secondary hyper-parathyroidism
thyroid hormone
joint discomfort
Long bone fractures
Height reduction
Decreased appetite
Nausea
Muscle weakness
Bone density
H.
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
The correction of calcium levels and the underlying problem leading to parathyroid levels to normal range2). Modal Verbs.
you may just need regular checkups by a physician.3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
or PTH for although the calcium level has returned to its normal range,4). Relative pronouns..
or PTH for although the calcium level has returned to its normal range,5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
in the neck, near or attached to the back of the thyroid gland6). Connectors.
Bone x-ray shows bone reabsorption or fractures7). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
the calcium level has returned
Cretinism
Cretinism is a situation induced by a insufficiency of thyroid hormone at birth and during minority, as a ensue of abnormal evolution of the thyroid gland about 1 in 4000 babies is impacted. Actual cretinism is a constitute of hypothyroidism, where need of thyroid gland activity, often expected to an iodine imperfection, stunts growth. Cretinism reasons very life-threatening retardation of physical and mental progress; if the situation is left untreated, progress is stunted and the physical stature progress is that of a dwarf. In addition, the skin is thick, flabby, and waxy in color, the nose is planated, the abdomen protrudes, and there is a common deliberate of movement and speech.
Cretinism (also known as congenital hypothyroidism) may not evident at birth because thyroid hormone frornt mother's blood can profit the baby before and various months after birth. The three diagnostic features of neurological endemic cretinism in its fully germinate form are highly intense mental insufficiency unitedly with squint, deaf mutism and motor spasticity with disorders of the arms and legs of a characteristic nature. Most newborn babies are consistently screened for thyroid insufficiency, which can be observed by a blood test even if there are symptoms. If the situation is not noticed at birth, symptoms will have noticed within 6 months.
Symptoms of Cretinism
Symptoms include execute growth, twined facial features, increased tongue and mental detainment. The typical:
- floppy infant
- thick, protruding tongue
- poor feeding
- choking episodes
- constipation
- prolonged jaundice
- short stature
Frequent Signs and tests:
- sutures - separated widely and a big posterior fontanelle
- extensive fontanelle and posterior fontanelle (soft spots)
- dull-appearing facial features
- dry, brittle hair and low hairline
- short, thick neck
- growth failure
- short extremities
- broad hands with short fingers
- myxedema
- hypotonia
- hoarse-sounding cry or voice
Types of Cretinism
Myxedematous Cretinism has a less ascetic degree of mental detainment than the neurological cretin. It has all the countenance of dreadfully stern hypothyroidism exhibit since premature life, as in non realised sporadic congenital hypothyroidism, life-threatening growth retardation, unfinished maturation of the features including the naso-orbital configuration, atrophy of the mandibles, intumescent features, myxedematous, thickened and dry skin, dry and infrequent hair, eyelashes and eyebrows and much delayed sexual maturation. Other signs may include inspissate skin and a protruding abdomen.
Endemic cretinism develops from a diet inadequate in iodine and has involved for more people worldwide and proceed to be a major public health difficulty in a lots of countries. Iodine is an necessary trace element, necessary mainly for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Although it is establish in many foods it is not worldwide present in all soils in adequate amounts. The soils of many another inland areas on all continents are iodine inferior, and plants and animals grown there are correspondingly deficient. Populations realistic in those areas without outside food sources are most at chance for iodine inadequacy diseases.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cretinism
Advance diagnosis, and life long cure with thyroid hormone by mouth, afford the child a better adventure of evolving usually. Newborns analysed and treated in the first month to month and a half typically produce general intelligence. Nonattendance of thyroid hormone during beginning life afford a poor outlook in terms of mental progress. Replacement therapy with thyroxine is the common approach to treatment of hypothyroidism. Once medication begins, the blood levels of T3 and T4 are monitored to observed the values within a usual range.
Endocrine system vocabulary
*Endocrine system: controls other body systems by releasing certain chemicals
*hormones :chemicals that are produced by endocrine glands
*gland :a group of cells that makes special chemicals for your body; they make hormones
*thyroid:controls how fast the body uses its energy
*Adrenal gland: helps us respond to danger; fight or flight;makes epinephrine (adrenalin)
*testes :male reproductive hormone
*ovaries: female reproductive hormone
*pancreas: makes insulin to help cells take in glucose; controls blood sugar levels
*parathyroid: controls levels of vitamins and minerals in the body; controls calcium levels in blood
*thymus :helps fight disease and bacteria
*pituitary :the gland that helps control all the other glands
*Feedback system: turn endocrine glands ON and OFF; sends hormones where needed
Hormones vocabulary
glands
chemicals
blood
insulin
energy
regulation body
pancreas
cells
chemical messages
Reading Endocrine System
-The adrenal gland has two parts. The cortex, takes its instructions from the pituitary hormone ACTH. The hormones secreted here are called "steroids" and have three main types: those which control the balance of sodium and potassium in the body; those which raise the level of sugar in the blood; and sex hormones. The inner, makes two types of hormones and takes all its instructions from the nervous system, producing chemicals which react to fear and anger and are sometimes called "fight or flight" hormones.
-The ovaries in addition to producing eggs or "ova," the ovaries produce female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone.
-The pancreas secretes digestive juices which break down fats, carbohydrates, proteins and acids; it also secretes bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid as it enters the duodenum. Some cells in the pancreas secrete hormones which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
-The pituitary gland is an important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system and releases many hormones which affect growth, sexual development, metabolism and the system of reproduction.
-The testicle lies inside the scrotum and produces as many as 12 trillion sperm in a male's lifetime, each sperm takes about seventy-two days to mature and its maturity is overseen by a complex interaction of hormones.
-The thymus function is to transform lymphocytes into T-cells. These cells are then transported to various lymph glands, where they play an important part in fighting infections and disease.
-The thyroid gland controls the rate at which the body produces energy from nutrients.The parathyroid glands control the level of calcium in the blood.
