jueves, 28 de octubre de 2010

Gastritis

What is gastritis?

Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion, and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden, severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.

What causes gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes most cases of chronic nonerosive gastritis. H. pylori are bacteria that infect the stomach lining. H. pylori are primarily transmitted from person to person. In areas with poor sanitation, H. pylori may be transmitted through contaminated food or water.
In industrialized countries like the United States, 20 to 50 percent of the population may be infected with H. pylori. Rates of H. pylori infection are higher in areas with poor sanitation and higher population density. Infection rates may be higher than 80 percent in some developing countries.1
The most common cause of erosive gastritis—acute and chronic—is prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Other agents that can cause erosive gastritis include alcohol, cocaine, and radiation.
Traumatic injuries, critical illness, severe burns, and major surgery can also cause acute erosive gastritis. This type of gastritis is called stress gastritis.
Less common causes of erosive and nonerosive gastritis include
  • autoimmune disorders in which the immune system attacks healthy cells in the stomach lining
  • some digestive diseases and disorders, such as Crohn’s disease and pernicious anemia
  • viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria other than H. pylori

What are the symptoms of gastritis?

Many people with gastritis do not have any symptoms, but some people experience symptoms such as
  • upper abdominal discomfort or pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
These symptoms are also called dyspepsia.
Erosive gastritis may cause ulcers or erosions in the stomach lining that can bleed. Signs of bleeding in the stomach include
  • blood in vomit
  • black, tarry stools
  • red blood in the stool

What are the complications of gastritis?

Most forms of chronic nonspecific gastritis do not cause symptoms. However, chronic gastritis is a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease, gastric polyps, and benign and malignant gastric tumors. Some people with chronic H. pylori gastritis or autoimmune gastritis develop atrophic gastritis. Atrophic gastritis destroys the cells in the stomach lining that produce digestive acids and enzymes. Atrophic gastritis can lead to two types of cancer: gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

How is gastritis diagnosed?

The most common diagnostic test for gastritis is endoscopy with a biopsy of the stomach. The doctor will usually give the patient medicine to reduce discomfort and anxiety before beginning the endoscopy procedure. The doctor then inserts an endoscope, a thin tube with a tiny camera on the end, through the patient’s mouth or nose and into the stomach. The doctor uses the endoscope to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first portion of the small intestine. If necessary, the doctor will use the endoscope to perform a biopsy, which involves collecting tiny samples of tissue for examination with a microscope.
Other tests used to identify the cause of gastritis or any complications include the following:
  • Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series. The patient swallows barium, a liquid contrast material that makes the digestive tract visible in an x ray. X-ray images may show changes in the stomach lining, such as erosions or ulcers.
  • Blood test. The doctor may check for anemia, a condition in which the blood’s iron-rich substance, hemoglobin, is diminished. Anemia may be a sign of chronic bleeding in the stomach.
  • Stool test. This test checks for the presence of blood in the stool, another sign of bleeding in the stomach.
  • Tests for H. pylori infection. The doctor may test a patient’s breath, blood, or stool for signs of infection. H. pylori infection can also be confirmed with biopsies taken from the stomach during endoscopy.

How is gastritis treated?

Medications that reduce the amount of acid in the stomach can relieve symptoms that may accompany gastritis and promote healing of the stomach lining. These medications include
  • antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, Maalox, Mylanta,Rolaids, and Rio-pan. Many brands on the market use different combinations of three basic salts—magnesium, calcium, and aluminum—with hydroxide or bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid in the stomach. These drugs may produce side effects such as diarrhea or constipation.
  • histamine 2 (H2) blockers, such as famotidine (Pepcid AC) and ranitidine (Zantac 75). H2 blockers decrease acid production. They are available both over the counter and by prescription.
  • proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid), lansoprazole (Prevacid), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium), and dexlansoprazole (Kapidex). All of these drugs are available by prescription, and some are also available over the counter. PPIs decrease acid production more effectively than H2 blockers.
Depending on the cause of the gastritis, additional measures or treatments may be needed. For example, if gastritis is caused by prolonged use of NSAIDs, a doctor may advise a person to stop taking NSAIDs, reduce the dose of NSAIDs, or switch to another class of medications for pain. PPIs may be used to prevent stress gastritis in critically ill patients.
Treating H. pylori infections is important, even if a person is not experiencing symptoms from the infection. Untreated H. pylori gastritis may lead to cancer or the development of ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. The most common treatment is a triple therapy that combines a PPI and two antibiotics—usually amoxicillin and clarithromycin—to kill the bacteria. Treatment may also include bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) to help kill bacteria.
After treatment, the doctor may use a breath or stool test to make sure the H. pylori infection is gone. Curing the infection can be expected to cure the gastritis and decrease the risk of other gastrointestinal diseases associated with gastritis, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and MALT lymphoma.

Points to Remember

  • Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining is inflamed.
  • The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining. However, gastritis is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Most people who have upper abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
  • The most common causes of gastritis are H. pylori infections and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  • Many people with gastritis have no symptoms. Those who do have symptoms may experience dyspepsia—upper abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea, or vomiting.
  • Treating H. pylori infection is important, even if a person is not experiencing symptoms. Left untreated, H. pylori infection may lead to peptic ulcer disease or cancer.

READING...

A.I chose this reading, because is interesting know about this disease that nowadays the  mostly people have.

B.Gastritis

C.Public Information , http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gastritis/


D.*Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed.
*Gastritis may be acute or chronic.
*Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes most cases of chronic nonerosive gastritis.The most common cause of erosive gastritis—acute and chronic—is prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Other agents that can cause erosive gastritis include alcohol, cocaine, and radiation.
*Many people with gastritis do not have any symptoms, but some people experience symptoms such as upper abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea, vomiting
*The most common diagnostic test for gastritis is endoscopy with a biopsy of the stomach. The doctor will usually give the patient medicine to reduce discomfort and anxiety before beginning the endoscopy procedure.
*Medications that reduce the amount of acid in the stomach can relieve symptoms that may accompany gastritis and promote healing of the stomach lining.


E.
This reading shows an overview of what is gastritis, the cause, symptoms that can occur if you suffer,  as diagnose and  as treatment.

F.The Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining is inflamed.The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining. However, gastritis is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Most people who have upper abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.The most common causes of gastritis are H. pylori infections and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

G.vocabulary:
stomach lining
chronic gastritis
bleeding
erosions
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
erosive gastritis
upper abdominal
nausea
vomiting
endoscopy
Stool test
antacids


H.1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining.

2). Modal Verbs.
the doctor may use a breath or stool test to make sure the H. pylori infection is gone.

3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
 If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.

4). Relative pronouns.
 People who have gastritis may experience pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen

5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
biopsies taken from the stomach during endoscopy.

6). Connectors.
the stomach can relieve symptoms that may accompany gastritis and promote healing of the stomach lining.





martes, 26 de octubre de 2010

Digestive system

Digestive system

We need food to fuel our bodies for energy, growth and repair. The digestive system converts the foods we eat into their simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make up fats). The broken-down food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.

The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. It can be thought of as a long muscular tube, over 10m long, with digestive organs attached along the way.

The mouth and oesophagus
Digestion begins in the mouth. The food is ground up by the teeth and moistened with saliva to make it easy to swallow. Saliva also has a special chemical, called an enzyme, which starts breaking down carbohydrates into sugars. Once swallowed, muscular contractions of the oesophagus massage the ball of food down into the stomach.

The stomach
The food passes through a sphincter, or small muscle ring, into the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juices. The stomach is a muscular bag and it churns the food to help break it down mechanically as well as chemically. The food is then squeezed through a second sphincter into the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum.

The small intestine
Once in the duodenum (small intestine), the food is mixed with more digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.

Pancreas
The pancreas is one of the largest glands in the human body. As well as digestive juices, it secretes a hormone called insulin. Insulin helps to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. Diabetes is a condition caused by problems with insulin production.

Liver
The liver has a number of different roles in the body, including:
  • Breaking down fats, using bile stored in the gall bladder
  • Processing proteins and carbohydrates
  • Filtering and processing impurities, drugs and toxins
  • Generation of glucose for short-term energy needs from other compounds like lactate and amino acids.
Absorption happens in the small intestine
The food is squeezed into the lower parts of the small intestine, called the jejunum and the ileum. Nutrients are absorbed from the ileum, which is lined with millions of finger-like projections called villi. Each villus is connected to a mesh of capillaries. This is how nutrients pass into the bloodstream.

The large intestine
Once all the nutrients have been absorbed, the waste is moved into the large intestine, or bowel. Water is removed and the waste (faeces) is stored in the rectum. It can then be passed out of the body through the anus.

Bacteria play an important role
A large reservoir of microbes, such as bacteria, live within the large intestine and, to a lesser degree, the rest of the digestive system. These bacteria play an important role in healthy digestion. The exact types of bacteria are particular to each individual. Other factors that influence the type of bacteria in your digestive system include where you live in the world, what health conditions you have and what medications you have received.

Common problems
Some common problems of the digestive system include:
  • Colitis – inflammation of the bowel
  • Diverticulitis – inflammation of pouches lining the small intestine
  • Gastroenteritis – an infection that causes vomiting and diarrhoea
  • Heartburn – when the contents of the stomach back up into the oesophagus
  • Ulcer – a hole in the mucous membrane lining the stomach or duodenum.
Where to get help
  • Your doctor
Things to remember
  • Food is broken down by the digestive system to give energy to every cell in the body.
  • The digestive tract starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.
READING...
Reading --Digestive system

A.I selected this subject because is interesting know about the digestive system and their structures and functions.
B.Digestive system

C.
·Food is broken down by the digestive system to give energy to every cell in the body.
·The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
·Digestion begins in the mouth.The stomach is a muscular bag and it churns the food to help break it down mechanically as well as chemically.Once in the duodenum (small intestine), the food is mixed with more digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.
·Nutrients are absorbed from the ileum, which is lined with millions of finger-like projections called villi.Once all the nutrients have been absorbed, the waste is moved into the large intestine, or bowel. Water is removed and the waste (faeces) is stored in the rectum. It can then be passed out of the body through the anus.


D.The digestive system performs different actions, both physical and mechanisms to obtain energy from food.
E.Food is broken down by the digestive system to give energy to every cell in the body and the digestive tract starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.
F.Vocabulary
digestive system
bloodstream
digestive tract
mouth
anus
teeth
saliva
oesophagus
stomach
sphincter
gastric juices
small intestine
duodenum
pancreas
insulin
liver
carbohydrates
jejunum
ileum
villi
nutrients
bowel
colitis
ulcer
digestive

G.
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
Breaking down fats, using bile stored in the gall bladder
2). Modal Verbs.
It can then be passed out of the body through the anus.
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
As well as digestive juices, it secretes a hormone called insulin.
4). Relative pronouns..
what health conditions you have and what medications you have received.
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.
which starts breaking down carbohydrates into sugars.
6). Connectors.
, called the jejunum and the ileum.
7). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
what medications you have received.


lunes, 25 de octubre de 2010

Digestive System

Digestive Organs Quiz #1

*Bony structures that grind and crush food mechanically into smaller bits:
Teeth
*Large tubular organ that absorbs water, salts, and stores waste matter:
Large Intestine
*Entrance of the digestive system where mechanical and chemical digestion begings:
Mouth
*Muscular tube that connects and carries food from the mouth to the stomach:
Esophagus
*Saclike, muscular organ that secretes gastric acids and churns food into a pulp:
Stomach
*Long tubular organ where most of chemical digestion & absortion takes place:
Small Intestine
*Organ that senses taste of food and hepls push it to the back of the mouth:
Tongue
*Glands that produce and secrete saliva which contains digestive enzymes:
Salivary Glands


Digestive Processes

*Movement of nutrient molecules through the wall of digestive system into the blood:
Absorption
*Production and release of useful substances (enzymes,hormones etc.) by a gland:
Secretion
*Process of eating i.e. taking food into the body through the mouth:
Ingestion
*Process by which body breaks down food into small nutrients that can be absorbed:
Digestion
*Process by which fat globules are broken into smaller droplets by bile salts:
Emulsification
*Process of eliminating waste products of metabolism (urine, CO2 etc.):
Excretion
*Rhythmic muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract:
Peristalsis
*Process of elimination of indigestible food remains from digestive system:
Egestion


Interesting Facts about Digestive System

*How much saliva does the human mouth produce everyday?1.7 liters!
*How many diffent species of bacteria are present in the human colon?Around 400!
*How long long does the food stay in the human stomach on average?3-4 hours
*How many functions does the liver perform in the human body?Over 500!
*How much hydrochloric acid does a human stomach produce everyday?2 liters!
*What are the nutrients that are absorbed in the esophagus?None
*How long does the food stay in the small intestine in humans?5 hours
*What is the average length of the small intestine in humans?22 feet!

jueves, 14 de octubre de 2010

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech Quiz
1 I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
adjective
2 What did she ask you to do?
pronoun
3 I left my shoes under  the kitchen table.
preposition
4 If we finish our work quickly  we can go to the movies.
adverb
5 On Saturdays I work from nine to five.
verb
6 I want to go to a university in the United States.
noun
7 I'm sure I have met  your girlfriend before
verb
8 Well, I don't think I will be here to answer the phone.
interjection
9 Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered.
conjunction
10 After lunch let's go out for a coffee.
preposition


Active or Passive Quiz
1 I ate a piece of chocolate cake. active
2 The librarian read the book to the students. active
3 The money was stolen. passive
4 They are paid on Fridays. passive
5 The movie is being made in Hollywood. passive
6 I washed my car three weeks ago. active
7 His hair was cut by a professional.passive
8 I will introduce you to my boss this week. active
9 It would have been fixed on the weekend. passive
10 The national anthem is being sung by Jason this time.passive


Can, Could, Be able to Quiz
1 Could he understand what you were talking about? 
2 My sister can play tennis now. 
3 I could walk when I was less than a year old.
4 (Polite) Could you tell me what time it is, please?
5 My grandfather was able to walk without any help last night.
6 I would like to be able to play the piano. 
7 How long have you been able to drive?
8 I'll be able to help you later.
9 Can you help me? I can to never understand this. 
10 Will Man be able to live forever one day?


Reading Homework1. What's title?Physical Therapy
Reviewed by: Karen Manternach, MSPT


2. List the most important ideas.*Physical therapists are often able to relieve pain and help kids resume daily activities.
*Doctors may recommend PT for kids with:
•cerebral palsy
•genetic disorders
•orthopedic disabilities
•heart and lung conditions
•muscle diseases
*Physical therapists often use a variety of treatments to help build strength, improve movement, and strengthen skills needed to complete daily activities.

*Physical therapists tend to work in hospitals, private practices, fitness centers, and rehabilitation and research facilities

3.What did you figure out from the article?That the Physical therapy may be needed any time a child has difficulty moving in such a way that it limits daily activities.  During a visit, with a physical therapist  might guide kids through:weightlifting to build strength around an injury;flexibility exercises to increase range of motion;giving instruction on how to avoid injuries; improving circulation around injuries by using heat, cold, exercise, electrical stimulation, massage, and ultrasound.

4.Make a list of key vocabularyPhysical therapists
strength
movement
weightlifting
flexibility
aquatic therapy
exercise
electrical stimulation
massage
ultrasound
rehabilitation
physical therapy
disability
prevent.
developmental delays
cerebral palsy
orthopedic disabilities
birth defects
spina bifida
acute trauma
head injury
limb deficiencies
muscle diseases


5.Write a conclusionThe Physical Therapy is important when the people have problems for do their activities daily. A physical therapist  teach  exercises designed to help the people regain strength and range of motion, and also show them how to prevent a recurring injury.

6. Find at least an example of the structures1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
identify potential and existing problems
2). Modal Verbs. Physical therapists must earn a master's degree or receive a doctoral degree in physical therapy
3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
in such a way that it limits daily activities
4). Relative pronouns.Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured
5). Gerunds/Past Participle.Doctors often recommend physical therapy
6). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness


martes, 12 de octubre de 2010

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech 1
speak-- verb 
by-- preposition 
cat-- noun 
oh-- interjection 
and-- conjunction 
quickly-- adverb 
beautiful-- adjective 
they-- pronoun 
the-- article


Parts of Speech 2
verb-- learn 
preposition-- on 
article-- an 
adjective-- difficult 
conjunction-- but 
noun-- class 
interjection-- hi 
adverb-- slowly 
pronoun-- she


Parts of Speech 3
1.badly--adverb
2.education--noun
3.we--pronoun
4.over--preposition
5.Hey!--interjection
6.little--adjective
7.a--article
8.or--conjunction
9.eat--verb


Reading Homework
1. What's title?
Urinary tract infection


2. List the most important ideas.
*Urinary tract infections (UTI) are mostly commonly caused by bacteria and can affect any component of the urinary tract
*Women are more prone to UTI than men
*the most common infections are those of the Urethra and Bladder.
*If the infection affects your Kidneys and is found to be serious, you may require treatment for a longer period of time at a hospital.
*Symptoms of UTI are:
Burning sensation while urinating
Frequent urge to urinate
Leakage of drops of urine
*Tips to prevent UTI
Drink plenty of water or other liquids.
Do not retain or hold back urine.
After sexual intercourse, wash your genital area and urinate to wash away bacteria.


3. What did you figuere out from the article?
About what are urinary tract infections, know their symptoms, as well as taking into account any recommendations to prevent such infection.


4.Make a list of key vocabulary
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
urine
rectum
diaphragms
bacteria
urinary tract infections


5.Write a conclusion
Knowing the signs and symptoms will help you identify if you have been affected with a urinary tract infection and thus know how to prevent or treat the afection


6. find at least an example of the structures
1). Adjectives ending ing/ed.
Burning sensation while urinating

2). Modal Verbs.
he or she may suggest a urine sample test to ascertain the presence of bacteria in it.

3). Pronoun IT, possessive ITS.
When some urine remains in the bladder, bacteria can thrive in it and cause infection.

4). Relative pronouns..
When some urine remains in the bladder, bacteria can thrive in it and cause infection.
 5). Gerunds/Past Participle.

During sexual intercourse, bacteria can be pushed into the Urethra.
6). Present Perfect (Active/Passive)
 if you have been affected with a urinary tract infection.


jueves, 7 de octubre de 2010

PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECTex.1
1. I've lost my purse. Ican't find it anywhere
2. I don't know wht time it is. My watch has stopped
3. I heven't got my keys. I've left them at home
4. It's his birthday. I've made him a cake
5. It's working fine now. I've fixed it
6. He's decided to get fit. He's started running twice a week
7. I know Paris very well. I've been there many times
8.Let me get my umbrella.It has started to rain
9. We're going to the concert. I've bought the tickets
10. I'm sorry, she's not here. She's gone out


ex.2
1. the film has been watched by Mr Jones
2. English has been spoken by the people
3. comics have been read by him
4. volleyball has been played by us
5. the song has been sung by them
6. photos have been taken by me
7.the hoesework has been done by her
8. the children have been helped by the policemen
9. text messages have been watered by mother


A.Present Perfect (passive voice)ex.I
1. La tetraciclina ha sido reconocida como una causa de la hipertensión intracraneal benigna
2. La diarrea asociada con la administración de clindamicina ha sido estudiada
3. Los pacientes con síntomas vasculares y neurológicos han sido encontrados

1. Este lugar de estos medicamentos en el tratamiento de la sífilis no ha sido establecido
2. Estos medicamentos no han sido reconocidos como una causa de hipertensión


B.Adverbs in sentences of present perfect
ex.II
1. Estudios recientes con oxitocyn purificada y sintéticos han avanzado significativamente la comprensión del papel de esta hormona en la secreción de la función y la leche
2. La inflamación del nervio óptico ha sido ocasionalmente encontrado ...


C.Logic Connectors
ex.III1.Although
tetracycline has been recognized as a cause of benign intracranial hypertension
, only a few cases have been documented in adults

2.Although
treponemicidal substances have been employed for many years as local prophylactic agents
, the use of these compounds is no longer recommended.


ex.IV1. Aunque el mecanismo antidiurética es protectora de la naturaleza, puede dar lugar a serias complicaciones particularmente en desordenes caracterizados por la retención de líquidos y edema.
2. Aunque la mejora en la visión no es de esperar en pacientes con atrofia óptica, la detención del proceso de atrofia puede ser obtenida por tratamiento con penicilina
mejora


Vocabulary
a)muscle fiber-fibra muscular
b)attached-adjunto
c)muscle contraction- contraccion muscular
d)bones-huesos
e)posture-postura
f)heat production-produccion de calor
g)muscle tendons-tendones musculares
h)contractibility-contractibilidad
i)movement-movimiento
j)joint-mixto
k)skeletal muscles-musculos del esqueleto
l)joint stability-conjunto de estabilidad
m)tendons-tendones
n)muscle metabolism-metabolismo muscular


martes, 5 de octubre de 2010

Connectors

1.Connectors
Exercise I1.Although women with syphilis of many years duration are not likely to bear syphilitic children
Differentiation is often impossible.

2.Although treatment with penicillin is of considerable value when given during the last months of pregnancy
It is best given before the fetus becomes grossly infected, i.e., before the last trimester.

3.Although various criteria have been set up to distinguish between relapse and reinfectiion
Treatment of such patients during pregnancy is recommended.

Exercise II
1.Un procedimiento similar fue desarrollado en China, pero aparentemente este no es usado hoy en dia
2.Suramin es una de las más importantes drogas usadas en el mal del sueño, pero este es amenudo ineficaz en sus etapas finales
3.apesar de las altas dosis usadas en los grupos B y C, los pacientes no experimentados efectos adversos durante la terapia inicial
4.La paciente  fue transferida  a un centro médico regional donde a pesar de cuidados intensivos de apoyo y la terapia intravenosa con choranphenicol, ella desarrollo sepsis y muerte
5.Los diuréticos son usados para tratar ciertos desórdenes pulmonares en los cuales se acumula líquido en el tejido pulmonar. Sin embargo  hay que recordar que el proceso de enfermedad subyacente en estos trastornos no se ve afectada por el tratamiento diurético.

Exercise III
"Este mecanismo protege el tripanosoma no sólo contra las drogas, sino también contra otras moléculas grandes de mecanismo de protección del host."
Exercise IV
1.Renal excretion of salicylate is highly dependent on pH but the evidence available suggests that diuresis alone has relatively little effect.
2.Assessing the value of treatment in acutely poisoned patients is never simple. Our different groups were reasonably well matched but the controls were only mildly intoxicated;hence comparisons with moderate to severely poisoned patients may not be valid.
3.although the correlation between urine flow rate and renal salicylate clearance was statistically significant, the magnitude of the effect was small compared with that produced by changes in pH. This is because the salicylate clearance varies in direct proportion to urine flow rate, whereas the relation with pH is logarithmic.
4.Forced alkaline diuresis appears effective as judged by the initial decrease in plasma salicylate concentrations but the recovery of salicylate from urine is disappointing and less than expected also the procedure is not without risk.
5.The primary object of forced alkaline diuresis is to intensify the removal of salicylate by renal excretion nevertheless efficacy has usually been assessed by the initial decrease in plasma salicylate half life rather than by the amount actually recovered in the urine. furthermore recovery has often been inflated by the general use of non-specific analytical methods.

Exercise V
1. aunque el curetaje(con biopsia de cuello uterino anterior o concomitante) es el procedimiento de diagnóstico más importantes disponibles, su valor como agente terapéutico no se aprecia plenamente.
2.El plan de tratamiento es preferible a la histerectomía seguida de la irradiación, aunque no cabe duda considerable en cuanto a la eficacia de profundidad de rayos X puede ser, sobre todo con leiomiosarcoma.
3.La quimioterapia es generalmente ineficaz (Malkasian et. Al.), Aunque más recientemente Hoovis ha obtenido una remisión de un año de sarcoma metastásico con ciclofosfamida
4.Sarcoma del útero es menos complicado que caricoma, sin embargo, las estadísticas precisas son difíciles de obtener porque muchas clínicas designan como sarcomas de bajo grado de lo que otros consideran sólo los miomas celular
5.El sarcoma endometrial es menos común pero más maligno que el leiomiosarcoma y el rescate es, probablemente, en la naturaleza del 25%. Sin embargo, hay una dificultad real en la evaluación de las estadísticas publicadas porque algunas clínicas incluyen los casos que otros interpretan como stromatosis benigna, hemangiopercytoma, etc


2. Urinary System Video Vocabulary
Kidneys
urine
renal artery
filter
renal vein
nephron
renal pelvis
ureter
ureters
bladder
sphincter


3. Reading Urinary Systemit/itsIts wall is lined with mucous membranes and contains a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle tissue.
relative pronouns
In males, the urethra, which functions both as a urinary canal and a passageway for cells and secretions from various reproductive organs
connectorsUrine flows down partly by gravity, but mainly by waves of contractions
Adj. ing/ed
Several of the distal convoluted tubules merge into the renal cortex
-Ing
the resulting tube is called the papillary duct


4.Exercises:
 although - even though / despite - in spite of 
1.although the weather was bad, we enjoyed our trip.
2.The children slept well despite the noise
3.in spite of   earning a low salary, Linda gave money to her parents.
4.John rarely sees Paul although they live in the same town.
5.Julie failed the exam in spite  of working very hard.
6.although  it was cold, she didn't put on her coat
7.Tom went to work despite not feeling very well.
8. Anna never learned the language although she lived there for two years
9.in spite  of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.
10.  I couldn't eat although  I was very hungry


even though  -  even if  1.Peter refused the offer even though he needed the money
2.even though Mary has a car, she walks to work
3.James won't sell his car even if you offer him a good price.
4.even though the man was blind, he walked to the station.
5.We go running every day,even if the weather is bad
6.I love my job.  I wouldn't change jobs even if the salary was higher.
7.She gives money to charity even though she is not rich.
8.I wouldn't buy you a scooter even if I had the money.



lunes, 4 de octubre de 2010

Reading Homework

A: I selected this reading , because maybe I don't explain about things of my carrer,but is interesting read articles of diferentes branches of health and therefore be informed about what happens in other fields in health sciences . And the reading that I chose of my followers' blogs is of chistian hernandez.
B:title:Physiotherapist research nets convincing results: Bodychecking in pee wee hockey leads to preventable head injuries
autor:Physiotherapist Carolyn Emery, Ph.D., assistant professor at the University of Calgary

C:kind of publication:it's about prevention.Link: http://www.thesehands.ca/

D:
-to consider strengthening bodychecking rules (bodychecking:Using the hip or body to knock an opponent against the boards or to the ice, in the hockey)

-to the athletes of 11- and 12-year-old   in leagues that allow hits are nearly four times more likely to suffer a concussion than players  where the practice is banned
-Mr. Carson said. “What we then have to do as an organization is determine are we taking the steps that we’re supposed to take to ensure that kids have a positive and safe experience in the sport.”
-a study published recently gave followed more than 2,000  players – half from Alberta leagues, where bodychecking is permitted, and the rest were from Quebec, where it isn’t. The results show a significant difference in the number of head injuries, with 73 concussions among Alberta players , compared to 20 in Quebec. There were 14 severe concussions in Alberta, versus four in Quebec.

E:that the body checking is allowed in differents places and  determinated age

F:the bodychecking is dangerous to early age because probably cause a to suffer a concussion therefore the injuries could be reduced if leagues change their policies around potential changes in the age at which bodychecking is introduced, possibly the level of play at which it's introduced.
G:
Bodychecking
hockey
head injuries
concussion
study

H:
-Ing
Dr. Carolyn Emery, called the statistics pretty convincing evidence that injuries

It
possibly the level of play at which it's introduced,” she says.
Modal Verbsconvincing evidence that injuries could be reduced if leagues changed their policies
Relative Pronounshalf from Alberta leagues, where bodychecking is permitted, and the rest were from Quebec, where it isn’t
Ing/ed
the steps that we’re supposed to take to ensure that kids have a positive and safe experience in the sport.”